English Lesson

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

CHARACTERISTICS:

• It is original quotation of a talk
• It is always placed between two quotation marks
• It is always preceded by Capital letter
• Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before direct speech when the introductory verb position is in the front
• Comma (,) are placed after direct speech when the introductory verb position is placed after or between the direct speech
• The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (!), question mark (?) that point type of sentence of direct speech do not change

Eg.

- ‘Where do you live?’ she asked

- My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your hands!’

- She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door open!’

INDIRECT SPEECH

• It is a kind of report sentence (reported speech)
• It retells one’s talk or idea
• It undergoes certain modification
• It has three types of indirect speech

1. Imperative (Command/request)

2. Declarative (Statement)

3. Interrogative (question

1. Imperative (Command/request)

– The reported is a command

– Because of a command so that it does not know subject

– The verb in direct imperative does not change

– Imperative has contain verb 1 like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect speech is preceded by to infinitive) namely to go, to sleep, to open

– It also has non verb, so the reported command is preceded by ‘Be + adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be happy, be here so in the Indirect Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be happy, to be here

 

POSITIVE IMPERATIVE

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
ü She said, “Go away!”	Ø She told me to go away Ø She ordered her to go away
ü “Come here!” she said.	Ø She asked him to come there Ø She commended them to come there
ü I said, “Be quite!”	Ø I begged us to be quite Ø I suggested the children to be quite
ü ‘Be quiet!’ she yelled at the children	Ø She ordered the children to be quiet
ü She begged, “Be happy!”	Ø She warned to be happy
ü ‘Please help me!’ she told him	Ø She asked him to help her

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
ü She said, “Don’t go away!”	Ø She told me not to go away Ø She ordered her not to go away
ü “Don’t Come here!” she said	Ø She asked him not to come there Ø She commended them not to come there
ü I said, “Don’t Be noisy!”	Ø I begged us not to be noisy Ø I suggested the children not to be noisy
ü She begged, “Don’t be lazy!”	Ø She warned us not to be lazy
ü ‘Don’t be lazy!’ she said to Laila	Ø She advised Laila not to be lazy
ü ‘Don’t worry about it!’ She said to him	Ø She told him not to worry about it

Declarative (Statement)

A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
I	He / she
You	Me / he / she / them / I / him / her
My	His / her
Our	Their / our
Your	My / his/her

B. Adverb of time and Place

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
ü now	Ø then
ü today	Ø that day
ü tomorrow	Ø the next day Ø the day after Ø the following day Ø a day later
ü next	Ø the … after Ø the following …
ü last …	Ø the preceding … Ø the previous … Ø the … before
ü … ago	Ø … earlier Ø … before
ü yesterday	Ø the preceeding day Ø the previous day Ø the day before
ü the day before yesterday	Ø two days before
ü here	Ø there
ü this	Ø that
ü these	Ø those

C. Tenses

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple	Past Simple
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Future Simple	Past Future
Future Continuous	Past Future Continuous
Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous	Past Future Perfect Continuous

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Past Simple	Past Perfect
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect	Past Perfect

Let’s see the following changes

Let’s see the following changes

Let’s see the following changes

Examples:

3. Interrogative (question)

Example:

^DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’

• It is firstly changed to be:

You usually take a nap Doctor asks if/whether I usually take a nap

^Mary: ‘Are you a student?’

– It is firstly changed to be:

You are a student

^INDIRECT SPEECH

– Mary asked if/whether I was a student

DIRECT SPEECH

John: ‘May I borrow your car?’

§ Preceded by Question Word (QW)

– It is firstly changed to be:

I may borrow your car

INDIRECT SPEECH

– John asked if he might borrow my

– John asked whether he might borrow my

a. Preceded by Question Words

In the question using Question Word (QW)

a. To form indirect speech the question is firstly changed to be statement

b. QW: what, when, where, which, why, who, whom, etc. are used as conjunction

Example

1. DIRECT SPEECH

§ Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’

- It is firstly changed to be:

You spell your name

INDIRECT SPEECH

Andi asked how I spelt my name

2. DIRECT SPEECH

– Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’

It is firstly changed to be:

You can keep your money safely

INDIRECT SPEECH

- Sophia asked me where I could keep my money safely.